Primary-care, endocrine and respiratory clinicians get a practical review of short sleep, appetite regulation, obesity and obstructive sleep apnoea. It connects sleep duration, leptin and ghrelin, resistant hypertension and daytime sleepiness with cognitive behavioural therapy for insomnia, CPAP and weight-loss treatment used alongside established sleep care.

Cardiology and primary-care clinicians get a structured update on cardiovascular risk estimation and lipid-lowering treatment. Ten-year and longer-term risk, lipoprotein(a), coronary artery calcium, risk-enhancing conditions and combination therapy with statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors or bempedoic acid inform shared decisions.

Trauma, geriatric and primary-care teams get a practical review of hip fracture recognition and secondary prevention. Groin pain, inability to weight bear and external rotation after a fall are linked to fracture anatomy, operative treatment, orthogeriatric care, delirium prevention, mobilisation, nutrition and osteoporosis therapy.

Primary-care, gastroenterology and acute medicine teams get a structured approach to alcohol-related steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, decompensation and alcohol-associated hepatitis. It combines non-judgemental alcohol history, AUDIT-C, phosphatidylethanol, FIB-4, transient elastography and cardiometabolic optimisation.

Cardiology, general practice and paediatric clinicians get a concise review of lifelong high LDL cholesterol, impaired hepatic LDL clearance and premature coronary risk. Clinical diagnosis, family history, cascade screening, early testing, statins, ezetimibe, PCSK9 therapy and homozygous disease referral are covered.

General practice, outpatient and clinical leadership teams get a systems-focused update on patient portal messaging. It connects asynchronous triage, chart review, examination thresholds, workload ownership, proxy access and digital exclusion with the governance required when artificial intelligence assists with drafting or routing replies.

A clinic-facing review for GPs, students and musculoskeletal clinicians seeing low back pain with or without leg pain. It keeps cauda equina features, fracture, malignancy, infection, axial spondyloarthritis, imaging restraint and movement-focused recovery in the same assessment frame.

Childhood repair of cyanotic congenital heart disease does not make adult circulation normal. Fatigue, palpitations, oedema, ascites, syncope or respiratory symptoms should be linked back to original anatomy, residual lesions and adult congenital follow-up.

Suspected community-acquired pneumonia can outpace access to imaging. This review links cough, fever, breathlessness and low oxygen saturations with bedside lung ultrasound appearances, including A-lines, focal B-lines, consolidation, air bronchograms and pleural effusion, while stressing training, documentation and scan limitations.

Planned caesarean birth on maternal request needs balanced antenatal counselling, not headline rate comparisons. Document goals, pelvic floor risk factors and intended family size, then discuss vaginal birth morbidity, operative risk, future pregnancy risk and timing after 39 weeks.