Paediatric, primary-care and urgent-care clinicians get a focused review of childhood epistaxis. It covers Little’s area, forward positioning, continuous pressure to the soft nostrils, bilateral or posterior bleeding, escalation thresholds, cautery, packing and assessment for an underlying bleeding disorder.

Good for GPs, paediatric clinicians and students revising speech delay, mishearing, school difficulty or social withdrawal. It distinguishes conductive, sensorineural and mixed hearing loss, with glue ear, newborn screen limitations, otoscopy, audiometry, tympanometry and hearing devices in view.

Post-tonsillectomy bleeding can be primary or secondary, and a patient who swallows blood may hide the scale of bleeding. This concise ENT review helps with ABCDE assessment, upright positioning, early ENT involvement and preparation for theatre when bleeding is significant.

Severe unilateral sore throat is not always uncomplicated tonsillitis. Trismus, drooling, difficulty swallowing saliva, uvular deviation and a hot potato voice point towards peritonsillar abscess and same-day hospital assessment, with analgesia, hydration, antibiotics and drainage planning.

A sore throat can look straightforward, but antibiotic choices need more than tonsillar exudate. The review links fever, swallowing pain, oral intake, ear and neck examination, Centor or FeverPAIN scoring, and safety-netting for complications such as quinsy or airway concern.

Sore throat with dysphagia, neck swelling or a grey-white pharyngeal membrane should keep respiratory diphtheria in mind. The urgent sequence is isolation, PPE, notification, antitoxin for respiratory disease, antibiotics and swabs, with close contacts managed through public health advice.

A baby born to a mother with detectable hepatitis C RNA needs age-appropriate testing and clear family advice. RNA testing can diagnose earlier, while antibody testing before 18 months may reflect maternal antibodies rather than infant infection.

A child with blood or bodily fluid exposure, or a newborn of a hepatitis B positive mother, needs transmission route and serology kept clear. Surface antigen, antibody, E antigen and DNA answer different questions about active infection, immunity, infectivity and viral load.

Vomiting and diarrhoea are common, but hydration risk, isolation and stool testing still need structure. Exposure timing can point to norovirus, Campylobacter, Bacillus cereus or giardiasis, while possible E. coli O157 makes antibiotic restraint clinically important.

Painful parotid swelling after a flu-like prodrome should bring mumps into view, even before complications appear. Key checks include MMR history, oral fluid PCR, supportive care, notification, and screening for abdominal, testicular or neurological symptoms.